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  Summary of the poem Prothalamion:                 The poem “Prothalamion” it’s a spousal verse.   The word Prothalamion we can divide two parts ‘pro’ which means before, "thalamion" which means wedding.   All over the word has a meaning a song which is sung before the wedding.                 The poem has some mythological characters, and we can say it’s a auto-biographical poem because he says about his some personal incidents of himself.   Then he had made some comparisons in this poem.                 Theme of the poem is celebration of marriage around the river thames.                 The poet writes the poem to honour the double marriage which   is goin...

  Arms and the man as a problem play Introduction:                 Bernard Shaw was a dramatist with a purpose.   His purpose was to build up a kingdom of heaven on the face of the earth.   He believes that God has      given us a beautiful world that nothing but our folly keeps from being it a paradise.   People entertain airy notion and fantastic emotion regarding all temporal things.   He wants to drive out all these rotten ideas from the mind of men with the help of the west wind.   That is why he took up the current social political problems as the subject-matter of his plays. Shaw’s Problem plays:                 He discussed the problem of prostitution in “Mrs. Warren’s profession, London’s slum in “Widower’s House”, the profession of doctors in “Doctor’s Dilemma”, war and marr...

  ELIZABETHAN AUDIENCE “ The drama’s rules the drama’s patrons give.”   In other words, the audience, which is the real ‘patron’ of the drama, goes a long way in determining the form and spirit of drama.  In order to enter into the spirit of Shakespeare’s dramatic art, it is essential, therefore, to understand the nature and characteristics of the audience for which Shakespeare wrote his dramas.      The Elizabethan audience for which Shakespeare wrote his plays was of a most heterogeneous kind.   It comprised two distinct classes of people whom we may conveniently characterize as the ‘vulgar’ and the ‘refined’. To the former class belonged all sorts of vulgar and uncultured people like sailors, soldiers, thieves, pickpockets, cheats and immoral men and women.  The other part of the audiences comprised e ducated men and women, respectable businessmen and public officers, critics and scholars, and at times, members of royal famil...

  ELIZABETHAN STAGE    A play without an audience and actors is inconceivable.  Therefore a dramatist has to adapt his plays to the conditions of the stage on which they have to be performed, to the actors who are to act them and to the audience who are to witness them.  Shakespeare dramas, accordingly, were greatly influenced by the conditions of the Elizabethan stage.  The Elizabethan audience had no experience of the elaborate construction and decorations of the modern stage.  Therefore, Shakespeare had to regulate his plays in accordance with the crude representation and limitations of the stage available in those primitive days.    Prior to the Elizabethan age there was, really speaking, no fixed stage in the sense we understand the term today.  Although dramatic art had long established itself as an important profession in England, the stage was not yet fixed.  There were strolling theatrical companies which carried thei...

In this essay we are going to see about supernatural element in Shakespeare Plays.    THE SUPERNATURAL ELEMENTS IN SHAKESPEARE’S PLAYS               The supernatural covers all those phenomena which cannot be explained by the laws of nature.  The ancient poets believed in pagan gods; but with the development of the Christian religion, the poets were restricted to the world of tradition, folk-lore and superstition.  So far religious supernaturalism was concerned he was not permitted to give any free play to his imagination; but towards superstition he was permitted to give a free play to his imagination and also to criticise the object of his imagination according as his artistic talent or literary canons demanded it.     During the Elizabethan period, the people of England very strongly believed in witches, ghosts, fairies, demons, monsters prophecies, dreams, and even in astrology and palmistry.  A...

  In this essay we are going to discuss about fools and clowns in Shakespeare plays and the contribution and importance of the fools character. THE FOOL IN SHAKESPEARE        The fool, the Clown or the Jester are practically synonymous terms in Shakespeare’s plays because we find that these terms are being employed in the various plays of Shakespeare although they practically sere the same purpose,  namely, to offer food for laughter to the audience.   During the Elizabethan period, the king, the noblemen and other wealthy persons used to employ Fools in order to entertain themselves and their friends either on certain ceremonial occasions or in the common parlour.   The Fool or the Clown or the Jester used to wear a particoloured dress and also a conical cap, an carry in his hand ka staff with some jingling bells and attached to one end of it, which the Fool used to shake before his listeners whenever he used to speak something foolish or funny i...

  In this essay we are going to know about how the women characters placed in Shakespeare plays, how much their contribution and importance in his plays. WOMEN IN SHAKESPEARE        ‘Shakespeare has no heroes , he has only heroines’ (Ruskin) Shakespeare’s women are more remarkable than his men.   Even Marlowe, who paved the way for Shakespeare, had no natural conception of womanhood.   His women are mostly distorted visions of youthful fancy, and are, therefore, in the form of exaggerated virtues, that have no prototype in realty.   The Elizabethan mind was particularly imbued with every weakness for woman; the court-life of England had the weakness of idolising woman in every form-woman’s form and beauty, her speech and action, her thoughts and manners, her virtues, and even her vices were pitched too high in the eyes of the new renaissance priests, and therefore, every woman was painted a demi-god.   Nobody considered that woman, als...